Loads (Dead, Live, Wind, Earthquake) are multiplied by factors to account for the possibility that the actual loads might exceed the nominal design values. For example, a common load factor for in many codes is 1.5 . Essential Design Components
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Design is governed by buckling rather than just crushing. The slenderness ratio ($\lambda$) is critical. Design codes (e.g., Eurocode 3, AISC, IS Loads (Dead, Live, Wind, Earthquake) are multiplied by