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Dawkins discusses the difficulty of measuring subjective feelings (emotions) in animals since they cannot speak. She argues that while we cannot directly measure feelings, we can infer them through the behavioral and physiological responses outlined above.

Pain alters pain perception and emotional state. A gentle Labrador retriever with chronic osteoarthritis may suddenly snap at a child. Without a behavioral lens, an owner might euthanize the dog for "aggression." With a veterinary science lens, we diagnose arthritis. Studies show that 80% of dogs over the age of eight have radiographic evidence of arthritis, yet many are labeled "grumpy old dogs." Treating the pain not only improves mobility but resolves the behavioral "problem." zooskool free exclusive

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